Tropical Cyclones

What is a tropical cyclone?

intense cells of low pressure with a central eye surrounded by a circular wind system
storm surges, strong winds
unpredictable directions ^[1]

What Kind of Damage does it do to coral reefs?

erosion:
- destruction and removal of coral
- removal of surface sand and soil
- storm ridges ^[2]
biodiversity ^[3]

Recovery

time needed to return to original state
greater damage can take anywhere between 5 to 40 years to recover ^[4]

History of Cyclones

Impacts on the Great Barrier Reef
- Case study: Cyclone Ingrid ^[5]
  - intensity
  - damages
- Case study: Cyclone Yasi ^[6]
  - intensity
  - damages

How to Protect against Tropical Cyclones

Marine protected areas ^[7]
- NTAs provide protection and act as sources of recovery after natural disasters

Notes

↑ Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille L. "The Effects of Storms and Cyclones on Coral Reefs: A Review." Journal of Coastal Research (1994): 211-31. JSTOR. Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.
↑ Scoffin, T.P. "The Geological Effects of Hurricanes on Coral Reefs and the Interpretation of Storm Deposits - Springer." Coral Reefs 12.3-4 (1993): 203-21. Springer Link. Springer-Verlag, 01 Nov. 1993. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.
↑ Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille L. "The Effects of Storms and Cyclones on Coral Reefs: A Review." Journal of Coastal Research (1994): 211-31. JSTOR. Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.
↑ Hughes, T.P., A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B.C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrom, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden. "Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs." Science 301.5635 (2003): 929-33. Science Magazine. 15 Aug. 2003. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.
↑ Fabricius, Katharina E., Glenn De'ath, Marji Lee Puotinen, Terry Done, Timothy F. Cooper, and Scott C Burgess. "Disturbance Gradients on Inshore and Offshore Coral Reefs Caused by a Severe Tropical Cyclone." Diss. N.d. Abstract. Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.
↑ "ABC Rural." Long-term Coral Damage from Cyclone Yasi. ABC, 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.
↑ Hughes, T.P., A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B.C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrom, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden. "Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs." Science 301.5635 (2003): 929-33. Science Magazine. 15 Aug. 2003. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[1] Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille L. "The Effects of Storms and Cyclones on Coral Reefs: A Review." Journal of Coastal Research (1994): 211-31. JSTOR. Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[2] Scoffin, T.P. "The Geological Effects of Hurricanes on Coral Reefs and the Interpretation of Storm Deposits - Springer." Coral Reefs 12.3-4 (1993): 203-21. Springer Link. Springer-Verlag, 01 Nov. 1993. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[multiple-3] Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille L. "The Effects of Storms and Cyclones on Coral Reefs: A Review." Journal of Coastal Research (1994): 211-31. JSTOR. Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[4] Hughes, T.P., A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B.C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrom, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden. "Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs." Science 301.5635 (2003): 929-33. Science Magazine. 15 Aug. 2003. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[5] Fabricius, Katharina E., Glenn De'ath, Marji Lee Puotinen, Terry Done, Timothy F. Cooper, and Scott C Burgess. "Disturbance Gradients on Inshore and Offshore Coral Reefs Caused by a Severe Tropical Cyclone." Diss. N.d. Abstract. Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[6] "ABC Rural." Long-term Coral Damage from Cyclone Yasi. ABC, 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

[Resource-7] Hughes, T.P., A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B.C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrom, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden. "Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs." Science 301.5635 (2003): 929-33. Science Magazine. 15 Aug. 2003. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

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